A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle. Typically, the disease is based on a narrowing of the arteries supplying the heart due to damage to them by atherosclerosis or blockage of such a vessel by a blood clot. However, an acute heart attack can also be caused by arterial injury, radiation damage, vasospasm, or a blood clotting disorder. People who have congenital anomalies of the coronary vessels that have not been corrected or corrected surgically are at risk.

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the rest of the body for normal function. This can be caused by either a structural or functional heart problem. Cardiomyopathy, hypertension, issues with heart valves, and coronary artery disease are typical causes of heart failure. Heart failure does not have a cure.

Regarding the heart, stem cells are capable of not only homing into damaged areas but also initiating a series of biological events that result in the restoration of the heart muscle.

Stem cell applications are applied as a successful treatment method to repair the damage to the heart muscles after a heart attack.

Permanent loss of cardiomyocytes and scar tissue formation after myocardial infarction (MI) results in an irreversible damage to the cardiac function. However, there is need for treatment to improve the infarcted area by replacing the damaged cells after MI.

Thus, the cardiac tissue regeneration with the application of stem cells may be an effective therapeutic option.

To achieve marked improvement of the cardiac function in the chronic phase of myocardial infarction, a cell source with high-level efficiency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and a strong tissue repair ability is required.

Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), umblical cord mesenchymal cells and umblical cord derived exosomes can used in stem cell therapy for myocardial infarction (MI).

MSC transplantation depends on the administration method, and generally, methods such as intramyocardial, intracoronary artery, and intravenous administration have been adopted.

The efficacy of the stem cells to be used, timing of administration, method of administration, number of cells to be administered, patient background, etc., must be considered under optimal conditions.

Exosomes are particles that release naturally from a cell. These particles are responsible for cell to cell communication. These messenger cells have the ability to release growth factors and other beneficial processes.

Exosomes accelerate the regeneration of our tissues by providing intercellular communication of our stem cells, which enable us to renew throughout life. It is among the most preferred application.

The combination of bone marrow MSC or umblical cord MSC and exosome can have miraculous effects.

As we can see, the degree of transmission of blood, blood-substituting solutions and biological active substances through the vascular system of organs and tissues of the body increasing significantly. The cardiac tissue regeneration with the application of stem cells is an effective therapeutic method.

EF is a parameter that indicates how much of the blood in the heart is pumped to the body in one cardiac cycle. In healthy individuals, it is between 60-65%. Patients with an EF value below 40% are defined as having low EF heart failure, while those with an EF value of 40% or above are defined as having preserved EF heart failure.